Summertime! As the warm weather draws us outdoors, many Americans find themselves hiking, camping, and enjoying nature’s splendor. However, this increased outdoor activity brings with it a heightened risk of encountering the three most common poisonous plants – poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac.
These notorious plants can cause severe skin irritations and rashes, turning an enjoyable adventure into an uncomfortable ordeal. Moreover, in a disaster scenario where you might be spending more time in unfamiliar or overgrown areas, the likelihood of exposure to these toxic plants increases.
Understanding how to identify and avoid these hazardous plants is crucial for maintaining your health and comfort during outdoor activities.
In today’s post, we are going to learn what to look for, how to treat allergic reactions, and how to control plant invasion.
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Identifying Poisonous Plants
Poison Ivy and Poison Oak
To identify poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) and poison oak (T. pubescens), remember the saying, “leaves of three, let it be.” Both plants have groups of three leaflets, but there are some differences.
The leaves of poison oak often have more rounded edges, while the leaves of poison ivy leaves are pointier.
The poison ivy vine grows along the ground or climbs up trees and buildings, especially in wooded areas.
Poison oak, on the other hand, grows as a shrub and its leaves are often clustered near the tip of the stems, which can reach up to three feet tall.
Both plants produce clusters of small, white to tan fruits.
Left: Poison Ivy — Right: Poison Oak
Poison Sumac
Poison sumac (T. vernix) is different from its ivy and oak cousins. Poison sumac leaves have 7 to 15 leaflets arranged in pairs along its stem, with bright red stems and leaf stalks as a natural warning. This plant grows as a shrub or small tree, reaching up to 20 feet tall. You’ll typically find poison sumac in open or wooded swampy areas, so be extra careful when exploring these environments.
There are many look-alike plants that are frequently confused with our poisonous trio. They include: virgina creeper, box elder, climbing hydrangea, fragrant sumac, and smooth sumac. A good rule of thumb to follow for any look-alike plant is if you’re not sure, don’t touch it!
Understanding Urushiol and Its Effects
Poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac contain a potent irritant called urushiol. Urushiol is found in every part of the plant—leaves, vines, and roots.
Even during winter, when these plants seem dormant, the urushiol can still cause reactions. Touching any of these three species may result in a red, swollen, and painful rash of itchy blisters.
This resilient oil is resistant to breakdown and can cling to clothing, tools, and pet fur for extended periods, sometimes a year or more. Consequently, contact with these secondary sources can also trigger an allergic reaction.
Therefore, it’s essential to be vigilant about washing anything that might have come into contact with these plants to prevent inadvertent exposure.
Did you know that about 85% of the people in the United States are allergic to these plants, leaving only a lucky 15% resistant to its effects?
Symptoms of exposure include:
- Red streaks or patches
- Itching
- Rash
- Swelling
- Blisters that may weep and later crust over
- Inflammation and a burning sensation
These rashes often appear in patches or in streaks and lines where the plant has brushed against the skin. It’s important to remember that the culprit behind these reactions is urushiol oil, which is present in all parts of the plant, even during the winter months.
Treatment for Poison Ivy, Poison Oak, and Poison Sumac Exposure
Self Care
- Immediate Washing: Wash the affected area well with mild soap and lukewarm water as soon as possible after contact. Also, wash all clothes, shoes, socks, tools, pets, and toys that may have become contaminated.
- Cold Compresses: Apply cold compresses during the blistering phase to help alleviate discomfort.
- Topical Corticosteroid Cream: Use a topical corticosteroid cream on the rash as directed by your doctor to reduce inflammation and itching.
- Calamine Lotion or Oral Antihistamines: Try calamine lotion or oral antihistamines for itching relief.
- Cool Showers or Baking Soda: Take cool showers or apply a mixture of baking soda and water to the affected area to relieve itching.
- Colloidal Oatmeal Baths: A colloidal oatmeal bath can also help to relieve itching.
- Oral Antihistamines for Sleep: If itching disrupts sleep, consider taking an over-the-counter oral antihistamine at night.
Seeking Medical Treatment
Seek medical treatment from a healthcare provider and/or urgent care if you experience:
- Severe blistering, swelling, and itching
- Symptoms in sensitive areas such as the eyes, lips, throat, or genitals
- Fever
- A rash over large areas of your body
- A rash lasting longer than a week to 10 days
- Signs of infection, such as blisters showing evidence of pus
Approximately 10 to 15 percent of people will experience reactions severe enough to require medical treatment. These individuals may need oral or injected steroids, to reduce inflammation and speed up recovery.
It’s important to note that ingesting any part of these plants can cause severe internal irritation, necessitating immediate medical attention. Inhalation of smoke from burning poison ivy can lead to poison ivy in the lungs, resulting in severe swelling of the esophagus and respiratory passages, difficulty breathing, and potentially death.
Taking these warnings seriously and knowing how to treat exposure can make a significant difference in your comfort and health when dealing with these toxic plants.
Learn to recognize poisonous plants and follow these tips:
- Wear long pants and close-toed shoes when in the woods.
- Carefully inspect tree trunks to avoid any vines before touching them.
- Be wary of leafy green plants that carpet the forest floor.
- Avoid contact with these plants even if not allergic. Additional exposure may lead to development of an allergy.
- Do not burn any part of these plants. The allergen may become airborne and be inhaled.
- Wear vinyl gloves with long sleeves tucked in when weeding gardens where poison ivy is present, and clean tools and gloves when done.
- Apply a preventative lotion, such as Ivy Block, before going outdoors to help reduce exposure.
- Wash skin with soap and water or rubbing alcohol within 10 to 20 minutes if contact is suspected. Rinse thoroughly. Do not use hot water, as this may make the problem worse by opening skin pores.
- Wash clothes immediately upon return from outdoor recreation.
Controlling Poison Ivy, Poison Oak, and Poison Sumac
Controlling of poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac can be tricky because you need to avoid contact with the plants.
Although it might be tempting to burn a patch of these plants in your backyard, never do this. Burning these plants releases the plant’s oil, urushiol, into the air, which can cause severe swelling of the esophagus and respiratory passages if inhaled, potentially leading to difficulty breathing or even death.
Similarly, trimming or mowing these plants can also cause particles of the allergen to become airborne.
The safest way to control these poisonous plants in your yard is by using an herbicide spray.
Look for herbicides containing glyphosate or triclopyr, which are often specifically labeled for poison ivy control, in the gardening section of most stores. Follow the instructions on the label carefully. Be patient and persistent, as it may take several applications to completely kill these tough plants.
If you need to cut the vines, remember that cutting them will release sap, and some urushiol may become airborne or drop from overhead leaves. Take extreme care to avoid inhaling any particles.
When cutting a vine, wear protective clothing, such as long sleeves, pants, close-toed shoes, a dust mask, and rubber gloves. Avoid doing this on a windy day, as the wind can spread the allergens.
It is also better to do this in the winter when the sap is less abundant, although the vines can cause a rash at any time of year.
If you’re unsure or uncomfortable managing the problem yourself, it may be best to hire a professional to control these poisonous plants.
In conclusion, while encounters with poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac can turn outdoor adventures into uncomfortable experiences, armed with knowledge and precautions, you can navigate nature’s trails with confidence.
Remember to wear appropriate clothing, inspect your surroundings, and avoid contact with unfamiliar flora.
In the event of exposure, promptly wash affected areas, seek medical attention for severe reactions, and follow treatment protocols to alleviate discomfort.
By taking these precautions seriously and respecting the dangers posed by these toxic plants, you can enjoy the great outdoors safely and comfortably.
Resources:
- Alabama A&M and Auburn Universities: Touch-Me-Nots: Poison Ivy, Poison Oak, and Poison Sumac
- Doom and Bloom Medical: Poison Ivy, Oak, and Sumac
- WebMD: Poison Ivy, Oak, and Sumac — The Basics